Guidelines for the Humane Transportation of Research Animals, NRC, 2006 
Chapter 2 Regulations and Guidelines for the Transportation of Research Animals, pp. 11-32

QUESTIONS:
1.	What are the two laws identify standards for humane care during transportation?
2.	Which three agencies provide regulations and import/export guidelines for the transportation of nonhuman primates?
3.	What agency regulates the importation, exportation, and interstate trade of dead and live wild animals and their tissues and products imported into or exported from the United States for any purpose (including research)?
4.	The purpose of the Endangered Species Act (ESA) of 1973 is to _______.
5.	What is the purpose of the Lacey Act? 
6. 	The CDC regulates the importation of which of the following animal species?
	a. 	dogs
	b. 	nonhuman primates
	c.	other animals
	d.	cats
	e.	all of the above
7. 	What are the five areas of shipper responsibility covered Hazardous Materials Regulations?
8.  	PHS Policy mandates adherence to the guidelines in the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals under what authority?  
9.	What is the name of the book, published by the International Air Transport Association, that is a source of information on international documentation and import requirements?
10.	Name the conservation agreement, also known as the Washington Convention, that establishes a permit system for regulating the trade of plants and animals threatened by extinction and those that may be threatened by extinction if trade of that species is not controlled. Hint: The US Fish and Wildlife Service is the entity responsible for administering this treaty, through a permit system, in the USA. The Endangered Species Act implements it. Some 169 nations are parties to this treaty.
11.	Which bureau is responsible for issuing importation and exportation permits in the US?
12.	Which United Nations agency publishes the Technical Instruction for the Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air?
13.	What is the name of the association whose mission it is to “represent, lead, and serve the airline industry?”
14.	True or False: The IATA Live Animal Regulations were adopted by CITES and the World Animal Health Organization as the guidelines for transportation of animals by air.
15.	The IATA Dangerous Goods Regulations (DGRs) are similar to the ICAO Technical Instructions for the Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air. Which is more restrictive?
16.	TRUE or FALSE: The DGRs have official standing under the US DOT’s Hazardous Materials Regulations?
17.	What are the primary functions of the World Animal Health Organization?
18.	TRUE or FALSE: The European Union laws regulating the transportation of research animals are enforced by the Health and Consumer Protection Directorate General?

ANSWERS
1.	Animal Welfare Act (AWA), which details specific standards for animal care during transportation, and the Lacey Act which provides that wildlife be transported in accordance with the International Air Transport Association (IATA) Live Animals Regulations (LARs).
2.	USDA, FWS, CDC-Table 2-1
3.	The US Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS)
4.	The purpose of the Endangered Species Act (ESA) of 1973 is to conserve and recover species of fish, wildlife, and plants that are listed as threatened or endangered in the United States or elsewhere and to preserve the ecosystems upon which these species depend.
5.	The FWS is also vested with federal regulatory authority from the Lacey Act of 1900. The Lacey Act is the oldest federal wildlife protection law in the United States and prohibits inhumane and unhealthful transportation conditions for any animal defined as wildlife.
6.	All of the above
7.	1: Determining the hazard class(es) of the material offered for transportation; 2: Communicating the hazard(s) using shipping papers, labels, markings, placards, and emergency-response information, as required; 3: Packaging requirements; 4: Operational rules, including for transportation by air; and, 5: Training and security.
8.	Under the Health Research Extension Act of 1985, the PHS Policy mandates adherence to the guidelines in the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (the Guide) (NRC, 1996). 

9.	Air Cargo Tariff book
10.	Convention of International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)
11.	US Fish and Wildlife Service
12.	International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)
13.	International Air Transport Association (IATA)
14.	True
15.	The DGRs include additional requirements that are more restrictive than the Technical Instructions, to reflect industry standard practices or operational considerations.
16.	FALSE 
17.	To prevent and raise awareness of zoonoses worldwide.
18.	TRUE

Outline of chapter 2 pp 11-22:
1) †††††National Regulations and Guidelines, pp. 11
Several federal agencies in the United States regulate the transport of
research animals and their tissues specifically or of species that might
be used for research (Table 2-1). †All of the regulations and guidelines
are applicable to the transportation of research animals, but only two
laws identify standards for humane care during transportation: the
Animal Welfare Act (AWA), which details specific standards for animal
care during transportation, and the Lacey Act, which provides that
wildlife be transported in accordance with the International Air
Transport Association (IATA) Live Animals Regulations (LARs).

2) †††††Department of Agriculture, pp. 14
The AWA provides standards for the humane handling, care, treatment,
and transportation of animals. †AWA regulatory authority is vested in
the Secretary of Agriculture and implemented by the US Department of
Agriculture (USDA) Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS).
With the exception of rats of the genus Rattus and mice of the genus
Mus, bred specifically for research purposes, as well as all birds, and
livestock or poultry used for improving animal nutrition, breeding,
management, production efficiency, or food or fiber quality, the AWA
regulates the transportation of all warm-blooded animals intended for
use in research, teaching, or testing.

3) †††††US Fish and Wildlife Service, pp. 14
The US Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) regulates the importation,
exportation, and interstate trade of dead and live wild animals and
their tissues and products imported into or exported1 from the United
States for any purpose (including research). †The FWS authority to
regulate wildlife stems from the Fish and Wildlife Act of 1956. FWS
requires that all wildlife be imported and exported through a series of
designated ports (Table 2-2).

i) †††††Endangered Species Act
The purpose of the Endangered Species Act (ESA) of 1973 is to conserve
and recover species of fish, wildlife, and plants that are listed as
threatened or endangered in the United States or elsewhere and to
preserve the ecosystems upon which these species depend. †The ESA also
establishes FWS as the entity responsible for administering the
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna
and Flora (Table 2-3).

ii) ††††Lacey Act
The FWS is also vested with federal regulatory authority from the Lacey
Act of 1900. The Lacey Act is the oldest federal wildlife protection law
in the United States and prohibits inhumane and unhealthful
transportation conditions for any animal defined as *wildlife*. The
regulations for transportation under the act, which are specific for
mammals and birds) are similar to the IATA-LARs. The Lacey Act also
applies the guidelines provided in the LARs to nonairline methods of
transportation.
4) †††††Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, pp. 18
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is a component of
the US Department of Health and Human Services and enforces regulations
to prevent the introduction, transmission, or spread of communicable
diseases in the United States. CDC regulates the importation of any
animal or animal product capable of carrying a zoonotic disease. CDC
regulates importation through permitting, registration, and quarantine;
it does not regulate the welfare or care of the animals.

i) †††††Importation of Live Animals
CDC regulates the importation of dogs, cats, turtles, nonhuman
primates, and other animals. Dogs and cats are subject to inspection by
CDC at the port of entry. †Dogs must be accompanied by proof of
vaccination against rabies at least 30 days before entry into the United
States unless they were in areas considered rabies-free for at least 6
months before importation. Importation of dogs or cats into the United
States does not require a permit or other paperwork from CDC. †Dogs too
young to be vaccinated or without a current rabies vaccination may be
admitted into the United States if the owner signs a confinement
agreement

To prevent infection of members of the public with Salmonella and
Arizona bacteria, shipments containing more than six turtles with a
carapace length of less than 4 in. or viable turtle eggs generally
cannot be imported into the United States. †However, shipments
containing more than six turtles with a carapace length of less than 4
in. or viable turtle eggs or any combination of turtles and turtle eggs
may be imported into the United States for bona fide scientific,
educational purposes, or for exhibition when accompanied by a permit
issued by CDC, Division of Global Migration and Quarantine (DGMQ).

Monkeys and other nonhuman primates cannot be imported as pets, but
importation for scientific research, exhibition, or education is
permitted. †Under the Federal Quarantine Regulations, people importing
nonhuman primates for research purposes must register with the CDC
DGMQ.

ii) ††††Importation and Transportation of Etiologic Agents
The CDC Etiologic Agent Import Permit Program regulates the importation
and subsequent transfer within the United States of live bats, as well
as animals, insects, or animal tissues that contain etiologic agents.
Etiologic agents are defined by CDC as a viable microorganism or its
toxin which causes, or may cause, human disease.

5) †††††US Department of Transportation, pp. 20
The US Department of Transportation (DOT), Pipeline and Hazardous
Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA), Office of Hazardous Materials
establishes regulations to govern the transportation of hazardous
materials in interstate, intrastate, and foreign commerce under the
Hazardous Materials Regulations. †Hazardous materials include materials
that are poisonous, radioactive, and infectious that may be contained in
animals or animal products that may be transported in the course of
biomedical research. An infectious substance is defined by DOT as a
material known to contain or suspected of containing a pathogen,
including a virus, microorganism, or prion that has the potential to
cause disease in humans or animals. †The HMR cover five areas of shipper
responsibility:

1: Determining the hazard class (es) of the material offered for
transportation;
2: Communicating the hazard(s) using shipping papers, labels, markings,
placards, and emergency-response information, as required;
3: Packaging requirements;
4: Operational rules, including for transportation by air; and,
5: Training and security.

6) †††††Public Health Service, pp. 21
Institutions that are funded by Public Health Service (PHS) funds are
subject to the PHS Policy on the Humane Care and Use of Laboratory
Animals (commonly referred to as the PHS Policy). Under the Health
Research Extension Act of 1985, the PHS Policy mandates adherence to the
guidelines in the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (the
Guide) (NRC, 1996). †The PHS Policy does not provide for regular
inspections. Rather, institutions are expected to police themselves in
order to ensure compliance with the principles of the PHS Policy and the
Guide.

7) †††††Food and Drug Administration, pp. 21
Under 42 CFR 70.2 and 21 CFR 1240.30, authority is given to the
commissioner of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to take actions
believed *reasonably necessary to prevent* the spread of
communicable disease when state and local actions are inadequate. By
that authority, FDA prohibits the intrastate and interstate
transportation-for the purposes of commerce, sale, or any other type of
commercial or public distribution of psittacine birds, molluscan
shellfish, turtles, and African rodents or other animals that may carry
the monkey pox virus. †http://www.fda.gov/cvm/

8) †††††State Health and Agricultural Regulations, pp. 22
All states have regulations that control the movement of animals into
them, although not all of these regulations pertain to research animals.
†Links to the regulations have been organized by the USDA APHIS
Veterinary Services at: http://www.aphis.usda.gov/vs/sregs/, State
regulations that pertain specifically to wildlife are found at:
http://offices.fws.gov/statelinks.html.